Imagining TRESE action figures

Yes, we can all dream that someday our comic book creations will have action figures and all sorts of merchandising. For now, we go back to writing and drawing more stories about them.

AMBUSH by Andrew Villar
http://ambush007.multiply.com/

a High Profile feature

The latest issue of HIGH PROFILE magazine just came off the press and if you can somehow stop staring the fantastic Georgina Wilson photo-spreads and the "Land of Legend" fantasy pictorial, you'll get read three geeks (i.e me, Mark Torres, and Paolo Fabregas) talk about comics and making comics.


Many thanks to the High Profile-crew, headed by Marco Venditti, Carmena Moura, and Chad Rialp.

Flip through the digital version of HIGH PROFILE magazine at:
http://www.vegamedia.com/pagcor/issue6/pageFlipper6.html

Or better yet, go to the bookstore and grab a copy!

Joey Agbayani's LOLA (animated movie)

Lola is an 'aswang'. In Philippine Folklore, an 'aswang' is a combination of vampire, witch, and shape-shifter. Lola is hired as an actress by a very ambitious director who exploits her supernatural abilities to save on special effects and production cost. The director is very hard to please so several takes are made until the witching hour has come to pass. After 12 midnight, Lola transforms into her most monstrous state and all hell breaks loose. The ambitious and relentless director, however, still insist on getting this award winning shot despite being haunted by 'Lola'.
Watch the trailer at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JSDGI2LvnIM

Screening Schedule: LOLA by Joey Agbayani, HARANG (BARRIERS) by Mikhail Red, HAY PINHOD OH YA SCOOTER (I WANT TO HAVE A BICYCLE) by Hubert Tibi,"P" by Rommel Tolentino & WAG KANG TITINGIN by Pam Miras

10 July/Sat 09:00 PM Bulwangang Alagad Ng Sining (CCP MKP Hall)
11 July/Sun 06:15 PM Tanghalang Aurelio Tolentino (CCP Little Theatre)
12 July/Mon 03:30 PM Tanghalang Nicanor Aberlardo (CCP Main Theatre)
16 July/Fri 06:15 PM Tanghalang Nicanor Aberlardo (CCP Main Theatre)
17 July/Sat 03:30 PM Tanghalang Huseng Batute
17 July/Sat 12:45 PM Bulwangang Alagad Ng Sining (CCP MKP Hall)
18 July/Sun 12:45 PM Tanghalang Huseng Batute

6th Cinemalaya Film Festival screening sched:
http://www.spot.ph/event/45970/6th-cinemalaya-film-festival-2

6th Cinemalaya Film Festival kicks off with 24 films on July 9
Here's a list of all the films along with their synopsis:
http://www.spot.ph/entertainment/45873/6th-cinemalaya-film-festival-kicks-off-with-24-films-on-july-9/1/

Michael Tan talks about bangungot

THE SCIENCE COUNCIL OF ASIA, CONSISTING OF SCIENCE research councils from throughout the region, held its 10th conference last week here in the Philippines. I presented a paper on the need to look at cultural angles in relation to health and illness. I thought I’d share with Inquirer readers the case study I used in my paper. This is the case of bangungot, which I’ve written about in other columns, and which is also extensively described in my book “Revisiting Usog, Pasma, Kulam.” At the conference I gave an update on bangungot and similar ailments.


Sudden Unexplained Nocturnal Deaths (SUND) is a term first used by the US Centers for Disease Control to refer to a number of folk illnesses. Folk illnesses are medical conditions which are given a name in a particular culture, for example usog and pasma. They do not have exact equivalents in Western biomedicine but are very real in the sense that they cause distress, suffering, pain and sometimes even death.


One of the folk illnesses covered by SUND is bangungot, which can mean both a nightmare as well as a pathological condition described as troubled sleep that can be fatal.


The folk explanation for bangungot is that the victim increases risks by going to bed right after a full meal, has nightmares and might even die if unable to regain control of his body. Victims are supposed to wiggle a toe or finger to regain that control. People who are susceptible are also advised not to sleep alone because if they have an attack, someone should be around to wake him up.


Note that the Ilokanos attribute bangungot to batibat, a supernatural creature described as an old woman. If the batibat’s dwelling is disturbed, she wreaks vengeance by sitting on the victim’s chest when he’s sleeping, eventually causing death.


The batibat explanation reminds us of a universal recognition of problems relating to sleep, with batibat-like characters reported in many other cultures. The English word nightmare itself is derived from “night” and “mare,” a female horse, referring to the feeling of heavy animal (the mare) or a spirit sitting on the chest.


What are the medical studies that have been conducted on bangungot?


An early report published in 1933 and involving autopsies of bangungot victims, found pancreatitis, which was attributed to our high salt and high carbohydrate (rice) diets. Other reports in American journals involved apparently deaths of healthy Filipinos who were in the US Navy. The reports repeated earlier theories about diet and pancreatic dysfunction.


In the 1970s, several unexplained deaths among apparently healthy men were reported among Hmong refugees who had migrated to the United States. US Centers for Disease Control coined the term SUND. The Lao term for this ailment is dab tsuam (pronounced da cho), which again involves the supernatural. The stress angle was explored here.


In 1990 and 1991, several deaths were reported in Singapore among Thai construction workers. The Thai term for the ailment was lai-tai (sleep death). Medical investigations speculated cardiac problems and potassium deficiency as causes.


In the reports on SUND, there are also frequent references to the Japanese pokkuri or sudden death. Japanese researchers, usually forensic experts, point to cardiac problems, with probable dietary

factors, as the cause of death.


READ THE COMPLETE ARTICLE AT:
http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20100622-277063/SUND
SUND: Pinoy Kasi By Michael Tan
Philippine Daily Inquirer, 06/22/2010


And you can read Trese's explaination of what the bangungot really is at The Diabolical:
http://diabolical13.blogspot.com/2010/02/trese-i-carry-your-heart.html

how to replace copies of TRESE with faulty binding

THE CASE OF THE FAULTY BINDING

We’ve been receiving feedback from readers that the copies of TRESE that they bought have faulty binding; that the pages fall off from the spine soon after they read it. We apologize that this has happened.

Here are two ways you can have your copies replaced:

1
Return the book to the bookstore where you bought it and have it exchanged for a new one. It would be best that you bring your receipt and that you get it exchanged within a week of purchase.

2
Go to the Visprint office and exchange your copy with a new one. Please bring your receipt as well. Email Visprint at book_inquiry @ visprint .net for more details.

(Obviously, if you’ve had that copy for several months and the pages have fallen off because it has been passed around to everyone in your household, your school or office, then we’d have to decline in giving you a new copy.)

Thank you very much! :-)

UPDATE: a message from Visprint

Our sincerest apologies to all our dear buyers who have received copies of "Trese 3: Mass Murders" and "12" (silent comics) with faulty binding. Rest assured we have already addressed this problem with our binding supplier.

You may have your copy replaced from the bookstore/comic shop you have purchased it from, just present your receipt. For those who have already lost their receipt or got the book as a gift, you may bring your faulty copy to the Visprint office during office hours (Mon-Fri, 9am-5pm) and look for Ms. Ella. Please call ahead (8452703) or email us (book_inquiry @ visprint.net) to inform us of your sched so we may have your new copy ready.

Again, our apologies for the trouble this may have caused you.

* applies to other titles as well
** faulty copy refers ONLY to damaged books with printing error or faulty binding, and NOT due to misuse or wear-and-tear.
*** please do NOT advise us of your replacement sched through the comments section of this site. We will accomodate replacement requests only through phone calls and emails.

Casting Call: TRESE short film

First of all, let me say how excited I am to make this announcement. Yes, we are in the process of producing a short film about a Trese mystery and we are in need of a few actors, actresses, and aswang.

Please read the casting requirements below.

If you would like to audition for any of these roles, please email your pictures (one headshot and one full body pic) along with your bio-data. Send them to: lucille_perez@yahoo.com with the SUBJECT: TRESE CASTING CALL

ALEXANDRA TRESE, female, in her late 20s

Physically fit, looks like the type that practices martial arts or is an accomplished dancer

Height: 5’5” – 5’6”

She commands authority even if she is just sitting quietly in one corner.

If you saw her alone in a bar, you’d be curious to meet her, but would hesitate to approach her.

KAMBAL, male, in their early 20s, Trese’s loyal bodyguards

(Real twins are encouraged to audition, but we’re willing to see actors who closely resemble one another)

Height: they should be taller than Trese, preferably 5’9 and above
Physically fit, looks like the type that practices martial arts

Basilio is the LONG HAIRED KAMBAL. His long hair runs past his shoulders – he sometimes wears it in a ponytail. He is the younger Kambal. Cocky. Loves to joke around. Loves to flirt with the girls.

Crispin is the SHORT HAIRED KAMBAL. He keeps his hair neat and trimmed. He is the eldest. Acts like the typical kuya. Very serious. Asserts his authority over Basilio. If Basilio goes out of line, he will pull him back and remind him to behave.

GUERRERO, male, late 40s

Medium to heavy built
Has a beer belly, has been sitting behind the desk for too long
Preferably balding or bald with moustache and/or beard

Guerrero is a captain in the PNP. He’s seen it all. And just when he thought he had seen it all, he ends up investigating all sorts of strange, unexplained crime that requires the help of Trese.

Guerrero’s known Alexandra ever since she was teen-ager, so he treats her like his niece

TAPIA, male, mid-20s

He’s the rookie cop and Guerrero’s right hand man.
Clean cut hair. Looks like he just got out of the police academy.

POGI, male, 30s

He’s Mr. Pretty Boy. He’s Mr. Male Model. He’s the guy that girls swoon over. He can sweet-talk anyone into bed. He’s very romantic when he talks, but the only person that he really loves is himself. He walks and talks like he’s a prince; head held up high.

REY, male, mid 30s - 40s.

Rey is a tired, old guy who’s just trying to do honest work after years of doing dirty and unspeakable work. Looks like the type who’s been in jail a lot. Now works at a construction site– which still requires a lot of physical labor. He doesn’t want any trouble, but if you push him, he’s more than ready to fight back.

IRMA, female, 20s

Impulsive. Hot headed. She an “amazona”. She takes matters into her own hands just to get the job done. She’s very protective over her family. She’s sure about herself, about her decisions, and will not listen to anyone else about what she should do.

NINO, male, 7 to 11 years old

Preferably lanky, thin body frame
Very talkative. Very expressive when he’s telling a story.

To audition for any of these roles, please email your pictures (one headshot and one full body pic) along with your bio-data. Send them to: lucille_perez@yahoo.com with the SUBJECT: TRESE CASTING CALL

Thank you!

Meet Alexandra Trenta and the Kambal Tuko

Story and art by Crazy Jhenny
http://crazyjhenny.blogspot.com/2010/06/crazy-jhenny-horror-story.html

Something twisted this way comes

What's scarier, global warming or zombies?
EMOTIONAL WEATHER REPORT By Jessica Zafra (The Philippine Star) June 11, 2010

Alexandra Trese, the graphic novel series written by Budjette Tan and illustrated by Kajo Baldisimo, is set in that other Manila, the one on the fringes of your consciousness, where the criminal underworld really is from the underworld. Aswang run kidnapping rings, kapre are crime kingpins, and tikbalang drink and drive. When crime takes a turn for the weird, the police call supernatural detective Alexandra Trese. When we ponder the undying popularity of the horror genre, we talk to our friend Budjette Tan.

YOUNG STAR: In Alexandra Trese you offer an alternative explanation for the crime rate: supernatural creatures. What’s scarier, ghosts and ghouls or corrupt politicians?

BUDJETTE TAN: I think corrupt politicians are scarier. At least with ghosts we can exorcise them and make them leave this plane of existence. With some politicians, there’s just no getting rid of them, no matter what kind of exorcism you perform.

READ THE COMPLETE INTERVIEW AT:
http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=583176&publicationSubCategoryId=84

Sam is a fan

Thanks to Gabriella for sending me a link to this press release:
http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=580349&publicationSubCategoryId=70

... which shows Sam Concepcion holding a copy of TRESE, while driving his car-- well, he's about to drive his car. As much as it's great that the National Book Developement Board is endorsing reading, I think they should not endorse reading-while-driving. (I'm joking! Must not insult NBDB-people who helped promote Trese last year. Hello NBDB-people!!!) Anyway, here's the press release...

Sam Concepcion is one of the National Book Development Board’s (NBDB) Get Caught Reading campaign ambassadors. This is aside from the advocacies he is supporting as youth ambassador for Education and the Arts, Department of Education’s Youth role model, ambassador for Education and Spokesperson and World Vision’s ambassador for children.


When the NBDB launched Get Caught Reading in 2007, Sam and his fellow cast members of Super Inggo went on a tour of schools to promote the habit of reading. Sam is also a regular storyteller in the NBDB’s storytelling events in malls, libraries and schools.


“Reading is like a song. There’s certain feeling you associate with reading a book the same way you’re reminded of something when you listen to songs,” says Sam, a 17-year-old stage actor. Among his stage roles are Edmund Pevensie in Trumpet’s The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe. He says it helps a lot to re-read the books everytime he plays a character from an adaptation.

Happy Birthday Kajo!

The secret origin of my dynamic team-up with talented Mr. Baldisimo aka KA-JO.



I first met Kajo when he was part of Virtual Media Studios -- which was the unofficial tambayan of Alamat Comics way back when.

During those years we'd drop by and hang out, I got to see Kajo and guys work on the pages of A.R.C.H.O.N. Kajo actually finished three fantastic issues of that comic book. All the art was colored and letter and then... their PC crashed and they lost all the artwork. So, we may never know whatever happened to that band of law-enforcers in outer space.

Here's one of Kajo's pin-ups from A.R.C.H.O.N., showing Troy, the team leader.


My first collaboration with Kajo was a comic book that only got distributed in Malate. We were hired by an NGO to make a comic book about AIDS and HIV. So, I wrote a story about a guy who sleeps around and ends up getting AIDS and gives it to his wife as well. The issue ends with some literature about the benefits of regularly going to clinics and get tested. We never did get a copy of that comic book.

The next time I worked in Kajo was in the year 2000. I was already working for the ad agency and we had to do print ads to promote Globe's text-based games of X-MEN and PUNISHER. So, if you ever remember seeing those ads or posters of Globe with those Marvel characters, those were drawn by Kajo!

Couple of years later, Kajo started "NWA" a comic strip that was serialized in MTV INK, the channel's music magazine. He then asked me if I wanted to collaborate on something that we can pitch to the magazine. Around that time, I had already released the three issues of Batch72 and wanted to bring back that old barkada. So, I thought of revamping them and we pitched it as 8 HIT COMBO. (By the time we did pitch it, the magazine had shut down.)



Sometime later, Kajo said he wanted me to help him write a story. So, he sent me this 24-page story with no words. The art was amazing! I got excited and asked Kajo, "So who's this girl? And why is she running? And who's the guy? What about this monster?" Kajo just looked at me and said, "Oh, I leave all of that up to you. So, we really get to collaborate on this 50-50." Left without a clue, I held on to those pages for how many months, until I slowly started to make sense of the pictures.

Those wordless pages eventually became THE LAST DATU.
http://komix7107.blogspot.com/2009/11/last-datu-lawanas-story.html




Of course, if you're a regular visitor of this blog, you already know about that text message Kajo sent me back in June 2005; the text where we asked the ridiculous question: "Do you think we can work on a a monthly comic book?" I laughed and just thought, "Okay, maybe we'll get to do ONE issue!" That one issue later became 13 cases.



So, as you can see, on several occasions, it was really Kajo who would nudge, poke, and prod me to do a comic book project. So, please do help me greet my partner-in-crime! (If you're linked up to him in Facebook, please greet him there or maybe greet him on the Trese Facebook page.)

By the way, aside from working on TRESE Book 4, we've got another surprise for you this year; something that we hope to launch in the next comic book event.

Aswang Attack in South Cotabato

I found this old police report from SunStar Davao, dated September 25, 2004: Boy survives 'aswang' attack

Only in the Philippines will you find reports about aswang and manananggal flying in the city end up in legit broadsheets. In other countries, reports of "bat-people" and "possessed people" usually end up in tabloids.

Tata Porras, 16, of Barangay Cabuling in Tantangan, claimed his 14-year-old brother Michael was attacked by an aswang, which he claimed was disguised as a big black dog with red, glowering eyes.


"Aswang talaga ang nakita ko," Tata said, adding that the big black dog about three feet-high was about to bite the neck of his younger brother when he saw it.


"Nang kakagatin na niya ang kapatid ko, kinuha ko kaagad ang nakatago naming single shot na baril at binaril ko ang aswang (When I saw the 'aswang' about to bite my younger brother, I grabbed our single shot rifle and I shoot the 'aswang')," Tata said.


He said the "aswang" fled and was lost in the dark.

Read the complete report:
http://metrocrimescene.blogspot.com/2010/05/aswang-attack-in-south-cotabato.html

The Secret Origin of the Aswang

This animated sequence is by Denver Jackson for the upcoming documentary "The Aswang Phenomenon" - an exploration of the aswang folklore in Philippine society, directed by Jordan Clark of High Banks Entertainment Ltd.

The Aswang Phenomenon

What would happen if a country of 97 million people were taught at a young age that the boogie man was real. In the Philippines for the last 400 years, the 'aswang' has been used as propoganda and social control by Spanish Colonizers, the Catholic Church, the Philippine Administration, and even the CIA.


The Aswang Phenomenon by Jordan Clark is the first in-depth documentary regarding the aswang myth - discovering where manifestations of the creature came from and how they evolved and embedded themselves in Filipino society. Learn how Filipinos have been transformed by the myth and are now evolving the aswang to fit into their developing cultural identity. "Understanding where the 'aswang' came from is the first step in taking away its power and the fear it creates."


Learn more about this upcoming documentary at: http://aswangmovie.blogspot.com/

manananggal in the morning

I saw this picture on somebody's Plurk. It looked nice but also looked really fake. Somebody then posted it on Facebook and asked, "What would Trese do?" It's interesting how readers have started to quickly associate Trese with supernatural happenings and strange events. Some Trese-readers on Facebook would comment about how certain current events might have been caused by the Talagbusao, Bagyon Lektro, or by fire elementals. I find it amusing that when these unusual things happen, they immediately think, "This is a job for Trese!"

Anyway, going back to the picture above, I wonder why the photographer/photoshop artist decided to set it in the morning. Wouldn't it have been more realistic if it was shot at night? Or was this supposed to be a manananggal that partied too much last night and is just on her way home? Her lower half must be really pissed!

...which reminded me of the time we tried to fake a "supernatural scandal". Below are three videos we did to secretly promote the Neil Gaiman event at Subic back in 2007. I worked on these videos with Ian Sta. Maria and we were lucky enough to get Romeo Candido to direct them. Romeo was the director of the movie "Ang Pamana:The Inherittance"; the trailer of which you'll see at the end of this post. I believe the DVD of the movie is available locally and you have to watch it if you love stories about aswang, tikbalang, and ghosts.

TIKBALANG SIGHTING

THE WHITE LADY

THE MANANANGGAL

"ANG PAMANA" MOVIE TRAILER

Order TRESE at National Bookstore website

CLICK THE LINKS BELOW TO ORDER:

TRESE Book 1
http://nationalbookstore.com/shop/products.asp?merchant_code=NBS&categ=95&product=19157


TRESE Book 2
http://nationalbookstore.com/shop/products.asp?merchant_code=NBS&categ=95&product=30929


TRESE Book 3
http://nationalbookstore.com/shop/products.asp?merchant_code=NBS&categ=95&product=30930


National Bookstore's Delivery and Returns Policies
(allows local and international shipping of TRESE)
http://nationalbookstore.com/docs/policy.asp


You can also order all the other titles from Visprint.
Just search by PUBLISHER and type in "Visprint"

a restaurant called KAGAT

Will Kagat ever open a branch beside The Diabolical?



You’ve probably already heard of Kagat, the controversial Halimaw-themed restaurant — raves and rumors have been flying around, so we sent writer and singer cum baker Waya Gallardo to sift tale from truth

Waya Gallardo will taste everything once. From kamaru (mole cricket) and kalabaw (carabao), to fried scorpions and sautéed silkworms, she will open her mouth and taste and then make up her mind. More often than not, she ends up liking it. But when Kagat (loosely translates to “bite” in English), the darkly themed halimaw (monster) restaurant opened last month, even she had to think twice before finally agreeing to try their specialty: Black Adobo.

At first glance, Black Adobo doesn’t seem like anything out of the ordinary. It isn’t even a main course, but an appetizer dish of three small birds braised in vinegar, an extraordinary amount of garlic, and fresh green peppercorns. But you can only order this dish once in one night. No one can call back to the kitchen for more.

For these small birds, served whole, head, beak, claws and all, are the fabled Black Chicks, allegedly harvested from the throats of real manananggals [a vampiric creature in Filipino folklore whose upper half sprouts wings, and separates from its lower one when it hunts for human blood].

A particularly macabre gastronomic gimik, or just another fanciful recipe on a menu that features Tinolang Adarna and Kapreng Kape (tobacco leaves are brewed along with the coffee beans)? Maybe. But how to explain the stories circulating, of Black Adobo inducing mild euphoria, of diners experiencing a common craving for cooked offal. And the wings—how do you explain them?

READ THE COMPLETE REVIEW / INTERVIEW AT:
http://www.unomagazine.com.ph/2010/05/constant-craving-kagat/
By Waya Gallardo (Interview by Luis Katigbak), originally appearing in UNO Magazine’s April ‘10 issue. Photography by Mitch Mauricio.

The Oldest Balete Tree in Baler

Last month, our friend Pinky went to Baler and went to the oldest balete tree in the area.



She took photos because it immediately reminded her to this scene from TRESE: MASS MURDERS.






According to their tour guide, the tree is so huge, it would take 60 people with arms out-stretched, to encircle the tree.





And here's Pinky about to start her version of the Twelve Trials of the mandirigmang-babaylan.







And here are pictures from the inside of the tree.



Hey Pinky! Is that a diwata behind you?

Trese protective-wear

Well, it's not exactly made of mystical cloth and it's not made by the blind weaver of Basilan, but it's the proto-type TRESE shirts designed by Wella and Argem. We hope to have them ready for the next comic book event this year.




Wella prepared them so I'd have some new Trese-wear to wear at the KOMIX101 talk I gave at Fully Booked last May 8 at Fully Booked.



This was organized The Center for East Asian Languages. Learn more about them at:

http://www.facebook.com/pages/Makati-Philippines/The-Center-for-East-Asian-Languages/80111449619?ref=ts

http://www.discoverlanguages.com.ph/

Komix101: Required Comic Book Reading for the Summer

A talk about men with capes and women in tights; about mutants with claws and aliens with a lot of angst. If you like sci-fi stories, romance novels, crime shows, horror movies, then there's a comic book or graphic novel that you'll definitely like. 

Join us as we guide you through the shelves of graphic novels and find out which titles will grab your interest and open new worlds for you. 

The seminar will be led by Budjette Tan, comic writer and editor, and co-creator of the graphic novel Trese.

Date: Saturday, May 8, 2010

Time: 2:00pm - 4:00pm

Location: U-View Theater, Fully Booked, Bonifacio High Street
This seminar is for free.

On May 15, Raymond Sison leads KONICHIWA MANGA, a discussion about manga and anime. 2:00 to 4:00PM at U-View, in Fully Booked Bonifacio High Street.

These seminars are organized and hosted by The Center for East Asian Languages. Learn more about it at:

http://www.facebook.com/pages/Makati-Philippines/The-Center-for-East-Asian-Languages/80111449619?ref=ts

http://www.discoverlanguages.com.ph/

Sunday Inquirer reviews UNDERPASS

“Underpass” by various creators (Summit Media)
A CHILLING journey to the dark, hidden places we fear, “Underpass” is a comic book anthology featuring four well-crafted horror stories.


In “SIM,” Gerry Alanguilan shows just how much can go wrong when one picks up a discarded SIM card in a jeepney. Betrayal comes in many colors in “Judas Kiss,” a tale from David Hontiveros, Budjette Tan and Oliver Pulumbarit. There is a magnetic quality to the violence found in Hontiveros’ and Ian Sta. Maria’s “Katumbas.” Vanity and fame come at a pretty price in “The Clinic,” from Tan and Kajo Baldisimo. “Underpass” is a sidetrip worth your attention as it is both disturbing and amazing. 

Read the other titles recommended by the Sunday Inquirer at:
http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/sim/sim/view/20100424-266190/Booking_Passage 

You can also read the complete story of THE CLINIC at:
http://tresekomix.blogspot.com/2010/01/down-other-dark-corridor-clinic.html

For more preview UNDERPASS pages, click the link below
http://www.summitgraphicnovels.com.ph/